a procedure known as a transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) can be done which removes or destroys the tumour via inserting a tube with a camera in the urethra (where your urine comes out). This procedure is done under general anaesthetic and takes approximately 30 minutes.

uses drugs to kill the cancer cells by inserting a catheter (soft tube) directly into the bladder via the urethra (called intravesical chemotherapy).

via the use of a vaccine (known as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)) which was once used to treat tuberculosis, can increase the body’s natural immune system to stop the growth of the cancer cells in the bladder.

the removal of the whole bladder is a common surgical treatment in cases where the cancer has spread to the muscle.

involves the use of specific drugs to kill the cancer cells. Chemotherapy to treat muscle-invasive bladder cancer usually involves intravenous therapy (drugs given by injection into the vein). This type of chemotherapy is known as systemic.

can be used instead of surgery to treat muscle-invasive bladder cancer. It can also be used at the same time as chemotherapy to help maximise treatment outcomes.